Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2025
The United States continues to grapple with significant challenges in infant mortality, representing one of the most critical public health indicators that reflects the overall well-being of a nation’s healthcare system. Despite advances in medical technology and prenatal care, infant mortality rates in America remain concerning when compared to other developed nations. More than 20,500 infants died in the United States in 2022, highlighting the urgent need for continued focus on maternal and infant health initiatives across the country.
Understanding infant mortality statistics is essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and families as they work together to improve outcomes for America’s most vulnerable population. The data reveals persistent disparities across racial, ethnic, and geographic lines, with 15 states meeting the Healthy People 2030 target of 5.0 infant deaths or less per 1,000 live births in 2022. This comprehensive analysis examines the latest available data to provide insights into trends, causes, and regional variations that continue to shape infant mortality patterns throughout the United States.
Key Infant Mortality Facts in the U.S. 2025
| Fact Category | 2022 Data |
|---|---|
| Total Infant Deaths | 20,553 |
| Infant Mortality Rate | 5.60 per 1,000 live births |
| Deaths per 100,000 live births | 560.4 |
| Total Live Births | 3,667,758 |
| Low Birth Weight Percentage | 8.60% |
| Preterm Birth Percentage | 10.38% |
| States Meeting Healthy People 2030 Target | 15 states |
The most striking revelation from recent data is that the infant mortality rate in the United States rose in 2022, the first jump in 20 years. This represents a significant reversal of the previous downward trend that had been observed for two decades. The increase from 5.44 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021 to 5.60 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022 marks a 3% increase that has alarmed public health officials nationwide.
However, the 2023 data provides some stability, with the infant mortality rate (IMR) of 560.2 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2023 not significantly different from the rate in 2022 (560.4). This suggests that while the concerning increase in 2022 has not continued to climb dramatically, the rates have plateaued at this higher level. The data underscores the critical importance of addressing the underlying factors that contribute to infant mortality, including access to quality prenatal care, social determinants of health, and comprehensive support systems for expectant mothers and newborns.
Leading Causes of Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2022
| Cause of Death | Ranking | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Birth Defects | 1st | Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities |
| Preterm Birth Complications | 2nd | Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | 3rd | Unexplained sudden death in infants under 1 year |
| Unintentional Injuries | 4th | Including car crashes and other accidents |
| Maternal Pregnancy Complications | 5th | Complications arising from pregnancy conditions |
The leading causes of infant mortality have remained remarkably consistent over recent years, with birth defects, preterm birth and low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, and maternal pregnancy complications representing the five leading causes of infant death in 2022. Birth defects continue to be the primary cause of infant mortality, accounting for nearly one in five infant deaths across the United States.
Understanding these causes is crucial for developing targeted interventions and prevention strategies. Birth defects, while not always preventable, can often be managed more effectively with early detection and specialized care. Preterm birth complications, the second leading cause, highlight the importance of quality prenatal care and efforts to prevent premature delivery. The persistence of SIDS as a major cause underscores the need for continued education about safe sleep practices and ongoing research into this devastating condition. Unintentional injuries, though preventable, continue to claim infant lives, emphasizing the need for comprehensive safety education and injury prevention programs for families with young children.
Infant Mortality Rates by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. 2022
| Race/Ethnicity | Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) | Disparity Factor |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.9 | 3.1x higher than Non-Hispanic Asian |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native | 9.1 | 2.6x higher than Non-Hispanic Asian |
| Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 8.5 | 2.4x higher than Non-Hispanic Asian |
| Hispanic | 4.9 | 1.4x higher than Non-Hispanic Asian |
| Non-Hispanic White | 4.5 | 1.3x higher than Non-Hispanic Asian |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 3.5 | Lowest rate |
The racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality represent one of the most persistent and troubling aspects of this public health challenge. In 2022, infant mortality rates by race and ethnicity were: Non-Hispanic Black: 10.9, Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native: 9.1, Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander: 8.5, Hispanic: 4.9, Non-Hispanic white: 4.5, Non-Hispanic Asian: 3.5. These stark differences reveal that Non-Hispanic Black infants face an infant mortality rate that is more than three times higher than that of Non-Hispanic Asian infants.
These disparities cannot be explained by genetics alone and instead reflect complex interactions between social determinants of health, access to quality healthcare, environmental factors, and systemic inequities. The consistently higher rates among Non-Hispanic Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions that address both healthcare access and the broader social and economic factors that contribute to these outcomes. Addressing these disparities requires a comprehensive approach that includes improving access to prenatal care, addressing maternal health conditions, reducing environmental hazards, and tackling the social determinants of health that disproportionately affect minority communities.
Geographic Distribution of Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2022
| Geographic Region | Characteristic | States Meeting Healthy People 2030 Target |
|---|---|---|
| Southern States | Highest infant mortality rates | Fewer states meeting target |
| Midwestern States | High infant mortality rates | Mixed performance |
| Western States | Variable rates | Better performance in some areas |
| Northeastern States | Generally lower rates | More states meeting target |
| National Target | 5.0 deaths per 1,000 live births | 15 states total |
Geographic disparities in infant mortality reveal significant regional variations across the United States. Geographically, infant mortality rates in 2022 were highest among states in the South, and in the Midwest. This pattern has persisted over multiple years and reflects underlying differences in healthcare infrastructure, economic conditions, and access to quality prenatal and neonatal care.
The concentration of higher infant mortality rates in Southern and Midwestern states suggests systemic factors that extend beyond individual healthcare decisions. These regions often face challenges including limited access to specialized maternal and neonatal care, higher rates of poverty, and greater prevalence of chronic conditions that can complicate pregnancy and delivery. The fact that only 15 states met the Healthy People 2030 target indicates that significant work remains to be done across the country. States that have successfully achieved lower infant mortality rates can serve as models for evidence-based interventions and policy approaches that other states can adapt to their specific circumstances and populations.
Neonatal vs. Postneonatal Mortality in the U.S. 2022-2024
| Mortality Category | Time Period | Rate (per 1,000 live births) | Primary Causes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Mortality | 0-27 days | Higher portion of total | Birth defects, preterm complications |
| Postneonatal Mortality | 28 days-11 months | Lower portion of total | SIDS, unintentional injuries |
| Combined Infant Mortality | 0-11 months | 5.60 (2022) | All causes combined |
The distinction between neonatal and postneonatal mortality provides important insights into the timing and causes of infant deaths. The neonatal mortality rate refers to the number of deaths of infants aged 0–27 days per 1,000 live births. The postneonatal mortality rate refers to the number of deaths of infants aged 28 days through 11 months per 1,000 live births. This breakdown is crucial for understanding prevention strategies and healthcare interventions.
Neonatal deaths, occurring within the first 28 days of life, typically relate to conditions present at birth, complications from preterm delivery, or congenital anomalies. These deaths often require intensive medical interventions and specialized neonatal care facilities. Postneonatal deaths, occurring between 28 days and 11 months, are more likely to be related to external factors such as SIDS, injuries, or infections. This temporal distinction helps healthcare providers and policymakers target specific interventions: improving prenatal care and delivery practices for neonatal mortality, and focusing on safe sleep education, injury prevention, and pediatric care for postneonatal mortality.
Birth Weight and Gestational Age Factors in the U.S. 2022
| Birth Characteristic | Percentage/Rate | Impact on Mortality |
|---|---|---|
| Low Birth Weight (<2500g) | 8.60% | Higher mortality risk |
| Preterm Birth (<37 weeks) | 10.38% | Leading cause of death |
| Very Low Birth Weight (<1500g) | Data pending | Extremely high mortality risk |
| Term Births (37+ weeks) | 89.62% | Lower mortality risk |
Birth weight and gestational age represent two of the most significant predictors of infant survival and long-term health outcomes. 8.60% of births had low birthweight (less than 2500 grams) and 10.38% of births were preterm (less than 37 weeks gestation). These statistics highlight the substantial proportion of infants born with conditions that significantly increase their risk of mortality and long-term health complications.
The relationship between birth weight, gestational age, and infant mortality is complex and interconnected. Preterm infants are more likely to have low birth weight, and both conditions contribute to increased mortality risk. These factors are influenced by multiple maternal health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, infections, and lifestyle factors. The persistence of these high rates despite advances in medical care suggests that prevention efforts must focus on improving maternal health before and during pregnancy, addressing social determinants of health, and ensuring access to quality prenatal care for all pregnant women.
Maternal Age and Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2022
| Maternal Age Group | Risk Level | Contributing Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Under 20 years | Higher risk | Biological and social factors |
| 20-29 years | Moderate risk | Optimal biological window |
| 30-34 years | Optimal risk | Lowest mortality rates |
| 35-39 years | Increased risk | Advanced maternal age effects |
| 40+ years | Highest risk | Multiple pregnancy complications |
Maternal age plays a significant role in infant mortality outcomes, with both very young and older mothers facing increased risks. The relationship between maternal age and infant mortality follows a U-shaped curve, with the lowest rates typically observed among mothers in their late twenties and early thirties. Teenage mothers face heightened risks due to both biological factors, such as incomplete physical development, and social factors, including limited access to prenatal care and socioeconomic challenges.
Advanced maternal age, typically defined as 35 years and older, is associated with increased risks of chromosomal abnormalities, pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and hypertension, and delivery complications. However, it’s important to note that many women in this age group have successful pregnancies and healthy babies, particularly when they receive appropriate prenatal care and management of any underlying health conditions. The key is ensuring that all pregnant women, regardless of age, have access to comprehensive prenatal care that can identify and manage risk factors early in pregnancy.
Healthcare Access and Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2022
| Healthcare Factor | Impact | Geographic Variation |
|---|---|---|
| Prenatal Care Access | Critical for prevention | Limited in rural areas |
| Neonatal Intensive Care Units | Essential for high-risk infants | Concentrated in urban areas |
| Specialist Availability | Crucial for complications | Significant regional disparities |
| Insurance Coverage | Affects care access | Varies by state policy |
Healthcare access represents a fundamental determinant of infant mortality outcomes, with significant variations across geographic regions and socioeconomic groups. Rural areas often face particular challenges in accessing specialized maternal and neonatal care, with longer distances to hospitals equipped with neonatal intensive care units and fewer specialists available to manage high-risk pregnancies and deliveries.
The availability of appropriate levels of care at the right time can make the difference between life and death for high-risk infants. CDC provides technical support to states to implement the CDC Levels of Care Assessment Tool (CDC LOCATe) to help states map and strengthen systems of risk-appropriate care to make sure moms and babies get the right care, in the right place, at the right time. This systematic approach to ensuring appropriate care levels helps identify gaps in service delivery and supports efforts to improve outcomes through better care coordination and resource allocation.
Prevention and Intervention Strategies in the U.S. 2024
| Prevention Strategy | Target Population | Expected Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Preconception Care | Women of reproductive age | Reduced birth defects and complications |
| Comprehensive Prenatal Care | Pregnant women | Early detection and management |
| Safe Sleep Education | New parents | SIDS prevention |
| Injury Prevention Programs | Families with infants | Reduced unintentional deaths |
| Quality Improvement Initiatives | Healthcare providers | Better care coordination |
Prevention strategies for reducing infant mortality must address multiple levels of intervention, from individual healthcare to systems-level changes. CDC provides support to 36 Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (PQCs). PQCs are state or multistate networks of multidisciplinary teams working to improve the quality of care for mothers and babies. These collaboratives represent a systematic approach to quality improvement that brings together healthcare providers, public health officials, and community organizations to implement evidence-based practices.
The success of prevention efforts depends on addressing both immediate medical factors and broader social determinants of health. This includes ensuring access to quality preconception and prenatal care, addressing maternal health conditions, providing education about safe sleep practices and injury prevention, and working to reduce disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. Community-based interventions that address social determinants of health, such as poverty, food insecurity, and housing instability, are also essential components of comprehensive prevention strategies.
Future Trends and Projections for Infant Mortality in the U.S. 2025
| Trend Factor | Current Direction | Projected Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Mortality Rate | Stabilizing after 2022 increase | Requires continued monitoring |
| Racial Disparities | Persistent gaps | Targeted interventions needed |
| Geographic Disparities | Southern/Midwest challenges | Resource allocation priorities |
| Technology Integration | Advancing care capabilities | Potential for improvement |
| Social Determinants | Ongoing challenges | Long-term focus required |
The future of infant mortality in the United States will likely depend on the nation’s ability to address both immediate healthcare factors and broader social determinants of health. The stabilization of rates in 2023 after the concerning increase in 2022 suggests that immediate crisis may have been averted, but sustained efforts are needed to achieve meaningful reductions in infant mortality.
Emerging technologies in prenatal screening, neonatal care, and telemedicine offer promising opportunities for improving outcomes, particularly in underserved areas. However, technology alone cannot address the persistent disparities and systemic factors that contribute to infant mortality. Success will require coordinated efforts across healthcare systems, public health agencies, and community organizations to address the complex interplay of factors that influence infant survival. The goal of meeting and exceeding the Healthy People 2030 target of 5.0 deaths per 1,000 live births remains achievable but will require sustained commitment and resources to address the underlying causes of infant mortality in America.
Disclaimer: The data research report we present here is based on information found from various sources. We are not liable for any financial loss, errors, or damages of any kind that may result from the use of the information herein. We acknowledge that though we try to report accurately, we cannot verify the absolute facts of everything that has been represented.
