Native Hawaiians in the US 2025
The Native Hawaiian population continues to represent a vital and growing community within the United States, with significant demographic shifts occurring over the past decade. Understanding the current statistics and distribution patterns provides crucial insights into this indigenous Pacific Islander community’s evolving presence across America. As we move through 2025, the data reveals both remarkable growth trends and important challenges facing Native Hawaiians nationwide.
Recent census findings demonstrate that the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander demographic has experienced substantial expansion, with the Native Hawaiian population specifically showing a 29% increase from 2010 to 2020. This growth reflects not only natural population increases but also enhanced identification and reporting methods. The community’s geographic distribution has shifted dramatically, with more than half of all Native Hawaiians now residing outside their ancestral homeland of Hawaii, marking a historic demographic transition that carries profound cultural and policy implications for this indigenous population.
Key Stats & Facts About Native Hawaiian Population in US 2025
| Fact Category | 2025 Statistics |
|---|---|
| Total Native Hawaiian Population (alone or in combination) | 680,442 individuals |
| Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders alone | 581,100 individuals |
| Percentage of Total US Population | 0.2% |
| Population Growth Rate (2010-2020) | 29.1% increase |
| Native Hawaiians Living in Hawaii | 47% |
| Native Hawaiians Living on Continental US | 53% |
| Median Household Income (2024) | $85,674 |
| High School Graduation Rate (25+ years) | 87.4% |
| Bachelor’s Degree or Higher (25+ years) | 19.6% |
| Unemployment Rate (2024) | 6.2% |
| Families Experiencing Poverty | 13.2% |
| Population Without Health Insurance | 11.5% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
The statistics presented reveal a complex demographic picture for Native Hawaiians in 2025. The total Native Hawaiian population of 680,442 individuals represents those who identify as Native Hawaiian alone or in combination with other races, showcasing the multiracial nature of many community members. The 0.2% representation within the total United States population underscores the relatively small but significant presence of this indigenous Pacific Islander group. The remarkable 29.1% population growth between 2010 and 2020 stands as one of the most notable demographic trends, indicating both improved census counting methods and genuine population expansion through birth rates and increased ethnic identification.
The geographic distribution shift represents perhaps the most striking finding, with 53% of Native Hawaiians now residing on the continental United States versus 47% remaining in Hawaii. This reversal from 2010 when 55% lived in Hawaii marks a historic demographic milestone. Economic indicators present a mixed picture: while the median household income of $85,674 exceeds the national average of $81,604, the 13.2% poverty rate for families significantly surpasses the national 8.5% rate. Educational attainment shows 87.4% of Native Hawaiians aged 25+ have completed high school, slightly below the national 89.9% rate, while only 19.6% hold bachelor’s degrees compared to the national 36.8%. The 6.2% unemployment rate exceeds the national 4.6% rate, and the 11.5% uninsured rate more than doubles the national 5.3% rate, highlighting persistent healthcare access challenges.
Native Hawaiian Population Distribution by State in US 2025
| State | Percentage of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Population |
|---|---|
| Hawaii | 27.8% |
| Alaska | 2.7% |
| Nevada | 1.8% |
| Utah | 1.7% |
| Washington | 1.4% |
| Oregon | 0.9% |
| California | 0.9% |
| Arkansas | 0.6% |
| Colorado | 0.5% |
| Arizona | 0.6% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates, Office of Minority Health
The state-by-state distribution of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander populations in 2025 demonstrates significant geographic concentration patterns across the United States. Hawaii naturally maintains the highest percentage at 27.8% of its state population, though this represents the minority position nationally as previously discussed. Alaska emerges as the second-largest state by percentage at 2.7%, followed closely by Nevada at 1.8% and Utah at 1.7%. The presence in Nevada and Utah reflects migration patterns often linked to employment opportunities and more affordable cost of living compared to Hawaii.
Washington State hosts 1.4% of its population identifying as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, with strong communities in the Seattle metropolitan area. Oregon and California each show 0.9% representation, though California’s absolute numbers are substantial given its large total population, making it home to approximately 21% of all Native Hawaiians living outside Hawaii. The presence in Arkansas at 0.6%, Colorado at 0.5%, and Arizona at 0.6% reflects broader westward and interior migration patterns. These statistics demonstrate that while Native Hawaiians remain concentrated in specific regions, the diaspora has established significant communities across diverse geographic areas, from Pacific Northwest states to mountain regions and even reaching into the South and Southwest.
Native Hawaiian Population Subgroups in US 2025
| Pacific Islander Subgroup | Estimated Population (2024) |
|---|---|
| Polynesian | 375,599 |
| Micronesian | 205,444 |
| Native Hawaiian | 185,466 |
| Samoan | 123,150 |
| Guamanian or Chamorro | 84,847 |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, Office of Minority Health
The breakdown of Pacific Islander subgroups in 2025 reveals important distinctions within the broader category. Polynesian represents the largest subgroup at 375,599 individuals, encompassing multiple Pacific Islander ethnicities including Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tongans, and others who share Polynesian cultural and linguistic heritage. The Micronesian population totals 205,444, including groups from the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and other Micronesian territories. Specifically identified Native Hawaiians number 185,466, representing those who identify exclusively or primarily with Native Hawaiian ethnicity.
The Samoan population at 123,150 represents the second-largest specific Pacific Islander group after Native Hawaiians, with established communities particularly in California, Washington, and Hawaii. Guamanians or Chamorros number 84,847, representing the indigenous people of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands who have migrated to the continental United States, often maintaining strong military connections given Guam’s strategic military presence. These subgroup distinctions matter significantly for policy development, healthcare delivery, and cultural preservation efforts, as each group maintains distinct languages, customs, and community needs despite being aggregated under the broader Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander census category. Understanding these internal diversities helps ensure more targeted and effective services for these distinct communities.
Native Hawaiian Educational Attainment in US 2025
| Education Level | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (%) | Total US Population (%) |
|---|---|---|
| High School Diploma or Higher (Age 25+) | 87.4% | 89.9% |
| Bachelor’s Degree or Higher | 19.6% | 36.8% |
| Graduate or Professional Degrees | 6.0% | 14.7% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates
Educational attainment statistics for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in 2025 reveal persistent gaps compared to national averages, though progress continues. The 87.4% high school completion rate among those aged 25 and older falls 2.5 percentage points below the national 89.9% rate, indicating room for improvement in basic educational achievement. More concerning disparities emerge at higher education levels, where only 19.6% of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders hold bachelor’s degrees compared to 36.8% nationally—a gap of 17.2 percentage points that significantly impacts career opportunities and earning potential.
The graduate and professional degree attainment shows an even wider disparity, with just 6.0% of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander adults holding advanced degrees versus 14.7% nationally. These educational gaps stem from multiple interconnected factors including socioeconomic barriers, geographic access to quality educational institutions, cultural factors affecting college attendance, and historical disadvantages in educational opportunities. Many Native Hawaiian families face challenges affording higher education costs, particularly when students must leave Hawaii for mainland colleges. Additionally, cultural considerations around maintaining family connections and contributing to community needs sometimes conflict with extended university attendance. Addressing these educational disparities requires comprehensive approaches including increased scholarship funding, culturally responsive educational programs, community college pathway strengthening, and enhanced support systems that honor both academic achievement and cultural identity maintenance. Improving educational outcomes remains critical for enhancing economic mobility and reducing health disparities within the Native Hawaiian community.
Native Hawaiian Economic Indicators in US 2025
| Economic Metric | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | Total US Population |
|---|---|---|
| Median Household Income (12-month) | $85,674 | $81,604 |
| Family Poverty Rate | 13.2% | 8.5% |
| Unemployment Rate (2024) | 6.2% | 4.6% |
| Employment Rate (Age 16+, Labor Force) | 60.3% | 60.6% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, U.S. Department of Labor 2024
The economic situation for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander families in 2025 presents paradoxical findings that require careful interpretation. While the median household income of $85,674 surpasses the national median of $81,604 by approximately $4,000, this apparent advantage masks significant economic vulnerability within the community. The family poverty rate of 13.2% substantially exceeds the national rate of 8.5%, indicating that despite higher median earnings, a significant portion of Native Hawaiian families struggle with poverty. This disparity partly reflects the high cost of living in Hawaii and other Pacific coast regions where Native Hawaiian populations concentrate.
The 6.2% unemployment rate for Native Hawaiians in 2024 exceeds the national 4.6% rate by 1.6 percentage points, suggesting barriers to employment access or economic disruption factors affecting the community disproportionately. The employment rate among those aged 16 and older in the civilian labor force shows near parity at 60.3% versus 60.6% nationally, indicating comparable workforce participation when employment is available. The higher median income likely reflects concentration in specific geographic areas with higher wage scales, while the elevated poverty and unemployment rates point to economic bifurcation within the community—some families achieving middle-class stability while others face persistent economic hardship. Contributing factors include educational attainment gaps, occupational segregation into lower-wage service industry positions particularly in Hawaii’s tourism sector, discrimination in hiring and advancement, and the economic challenges facing residents of territories with limited economic diversification. Addressing these economic disparities requires targeted workforce development, educational opportunity expansion, entrepreneurship support, and policies addressing the high cost of living in areas with significant Native Hawaiian populations.
Native Hawaiian Health Insurance Coverage in US 2025
| Insurance Type | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (%) | Total US Population (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Private Health Insurance | 60.3% | 74.1% |
| Medicaid or Public Health Insurance | 38.4% | 36.1% |
| No Health Insurance Coverage | 11.5% | 5.3% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates
Health insurance coverage patterns among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in 2025 reveal concerning disparities in healthcare access. Only 60.3% have private health insurance compared to 74.1% of the general population, representing a gap of nearly 14 percentage points. This lower private insurance rate stems partly from lower rates of employer-sponsored coverage, reflecting employment patterns including higher representation in small businesses, service industries, and part-time positions less likely to offer comprehensive benefits. Even in Hawaii, where the Prepaid Health Care Act requires employers to provide coverage for employees working 20+ hours weekly, gaps persist for those in excluded categories or working multiple part-time positions.
The 38.4% reliance on Medicaid or public health insurance exceeds the national 36.1% rate, correlating with the higher poverty rates discussed earlier. Many Native Hawaiian families qualify for public insurance programs due to income levels, particularly children covered under expanded Medicaid and CHIP programs. Most troubling is the 11.5% uninsured rate—more than double the national 5.3% rate. This represents approximately 67,000 Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders without any health coverage, leaving them vulnerable to catastrophic medical costs and limiting access to preventive care. Contributing factors include affordability challenges even with subsidized marketplace plans, immigration status issues for some Pacific Islander migrants, lack of awareness about available programs, and administrative barriers to enrollment. The uninsured rate contributes directly to documented health disparities, as those without coverage delay necessary care, skip medications, and face barriers to managing chronic conditions. Improving insurance coverage requires enhanced outreach and enrollment assistance in Native Hawaiian communities, continued marketplace subsidy support, simplified enrollment processes, and addressing the unique challenges facing Pacific Islander migrants navigating complex insurance systems.
Native Hawaiian Language Use in US 2025
| Language Metric | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Speak Language Other Than English at Home (Age 5+) | 38.5% |
| Speak English “Less Than Very Well” | 11.7% |
| Pacific Island Language Speakers in US | 485,925 |
| Hawaiian Language Speakers | Included in Pacific Island languages |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, Office of Minority Health
Language patterns within the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander community in 2025 reflect the diverse origins and cultural maintenance efforts of this population. Approximately 38.5% of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders aged 5 and older speak a language other than English at home, indicating substantial maintenance of indigenous Pacific languages across generations. However, 11.7% report speaking English “less than very well,” which can create barriers to healthcare access, educational achievement, employment opportunities, and civic participation. These individuals may struggle with medical appointments, understanding legal documents, navigating government services, and advocating for their needs in English-dominant settings.
The broader data shows 485,925 people in the United States speak Pacific Island languages, including Ilocano, Samoan, Hawaiian, and other Austronesian languages. This figure excludes Tagalog, the primary language of the Philippines with over 1.76 million speakers nationally. The Hawaiian language specifically has experienced a remarkable revitalization after near-extinction in the mid-20th century, with immersion schools, university programs, and cultural initiatives rebuilding speaker populations. Younger Native Hawaiians increasingly learn ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi through formal education programs, though fluent speakers remain limited. Language represents far more than communication—it carries cultural knowledge, traditional practices, spiritual concepts, and community identity. The persistence of Pacific Island languages among immigrant communities from Samoa, Tonga, and Micronesia reflects strong cultural ties and regular interaction with homeland communities. Supporting language maintenance while ensuring English proficiency requires investment in bilingual education, translation services in healthcare and government settings, and cultural programs that honor linguistic diversity as a community strength rather than treating it as a deficit needing correction.
Native Hawaiian Health Outcomes in US 2025
| Health Indicator | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Data |
|---|---|
| Leading Causes of Death (2023) | Heart Disease, Cancer, Unintentional Injuries, Diabetes, Stroke |
| Life Expectancy Data | Not produced due to limited race/ethnicity data |
| Overall US Life Expectancy (2023) | 78.4 years |
| Military Veterans Rate (2023) | Data included in population surveys |
Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2023, Office of Minority Health
Health outcomes for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in 2025 reflect significant health disparities requiring urgent attention. The 2023 leading causes of death—heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and stroke—mirror national patterns but occur at higher rates and earlier ages within the Native Hawaiian community. Cardiovascular disease represents the primary killer, driven by high rates of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes within the population. Native Hawaiians experience diabetes at rates 2-3 times higher than white Americans, contributing to cardiovascular complications, kidney disease, and premature mortality.
Cancer, particularly lung and colorectal cancers, causes significant mortality, often diagnosed at later stages when treatment proves less effective. Unintentional injuries including vehicle accidents, drownings, and workplace injuries rank among top causes of premature death, particularly affecting younger Native Hawaiian males. Notably, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did not produce 2023 life expectancy estimates specifically for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population due to limited and inconsistent race and ethnicity data in death certificates and population estimates. This data limitation itself represents a critical issue—inadequate data collection prevents accurate health monitoring and targeted intervention development. Available evidence from Hawaii state data and research studies suggests Native Hawaiian life expectancy lags behind other ethnic groups in the state by several years, with Native Hawaiians constituting 24.3% of Hawaii’s population but only 12.6% of older adults aged 60+, indicating premature mortality. Contributing factors to poor health outcomes include the previously discussed socioeconomic disadvantages, lower insurance coverage rates, geographic barriers to specialty care particularly for outer island and rural continental residents, higher rates of risk factors including smoking and obesity, historical trauma affecting health behaviors, and inadequate cultural competency in mainstream healthcare delivery. Improving Native Hawaiian health outcomes requires comprehensive strategies addressing social determinants, expanding access to culturally appropriate healthcare, supporting traditional healing practices alongside Western medicine, and investing in community-based health promotion initiatives that resonate with Native Hawaiian cultural values and worldviews.
Native Hawaiian Population Growth Trends in US 2020-2025
| Year | Total Native Hawaiian Population (alone or combination) | Growth Rate |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 527,077 | Baseline |
| 2020 | 680,442 | 29.1% increase from 2010 |
| 2025 | 581,100 (non-Hispanic NHPI alone estimate) | Continued growth trajectory |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Census, 2020 Census, 2024 American Community Survey
The Native Hawaiian population growth between 2010 and 2025 demonstrates remarkable demographic expansion despite the community’s small size. The 29.1% growth rate from 527,077 in 2010 to 680,442 in 2020 substantially exceeds national population growth of approximately 7% during the same period. This exceptional growth stems from multiple factors including higher birth rates among Native Hawaiian families compared to national averages, improved census counting methods that better capture multiracial individuals, increased ethnic identification as Native Hawaiian cultural pride and awareness strengthen, and the “one-drop rule” effect where individuals with any Native Hawaiian ancestry increasingly identify with that heritage.
The 2025 estimate of 581,100 for non-Hispanic Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders alone represents a different counting methodology focusing on those identifying as NHPI as their sole race category, excluding multiracial individuals. Comparing across different measurement approaches requires understanding these methodological distinctions. The continued growth trajectory reflects demographic momentum from a relatively young population structure with many individuals in childbearing years. However, the diaspora presents both opportunities and challenges for sustaining growth. Continental migration provides economic opportunities but also creates distance from cultural institutions, native lands, and community support systems that strengthen Native Hawaiian identity. Maintaining population growth while preserving cultural identity requires intentional efforts to support Native Hawaiian families wherever they reside, ensure cultural education access, facilitate connections to Hawaii and cultural practices, and create economic opportunities that allow families to remain in or return to Hawaii if desired. The population’s continued growth offers potential for political influence, cultural vitality, and community institution building, provided growth is accompanied by resources and support systems enabling families to thrive while maintaining their Native Hawaiian heritage and identity across generations and geographic distances.
Native Hawaiian Age Distribution in US 2025
| Age Group | Percentage of Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Population | US Population Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Under 18 Years | 26.8% | 22.1% |
| 18 to 34 Years | 24.3% | 21.2% |
| 35 to 64 Years | 38.6% | 38.9% |
| 65 Years and Over | 10.3% | 17.8% |
| Median Age (Years) | 31.4 | 38.9 |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, Office of Minority Health
The age structure of the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population in 2025 reveals a significantly younger demographic profile compared to the overall United States population. With 26.8% of the population under 18 years, the Native Hawaiian community has a substantially higher proportion of children than the national average of 22.1%. This 4.7 percentage point difference indicates higher birth rates and younger family structures. The 18 to 34 years age bracket comprises 24.3% of the population versus 21.2% nationally, showing continued youth concentration. The working-age population between 35 and 64 years at 38.6% closely matches the national 38.9%, indicating comparable workforce participation potential.
The most striking disparity appears among older adults, where only 10.3% of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are aged 65 and over compared to 17.8% nationally—a gap of 7.5 percentage points. This underrepresentation of seniors stems from multiple factors including lower life expectancy due to health disparities, higher premature mortality from chronic diseases, and the relative recency of major Pacific Islander migration waves meaning fewer migrants have reached elderly ages. The median age of 31.4 years for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders falls 7.5 years below the national median of 38.9 years, ranking among the youngest racial/ethnic groups in America. This youthful population structure carries both opportunities and challenges. The high proportion of children demands substantial investment in educational systems, pediatric healthcare, family support services, and youth development programs. The large young adult cohort presents workforce development opportunities but also challenges around employment access, affordable housing, and economic mobility. The smaller elderly population suggests less immediate pressure on elder care systems but masks concerning health disparities causing premature death. As this young population ages, projected demographic shifts will require enhanced chronic disease prevention, eldercare infrastructure development particularly in Native Hawaiian communities, and economic security programs ensuring families can support aging members. The youth bulge also represents cultural preservation opportunities if younger generations receive adequate Hawaiian language education, cultural programming, and connections to traditional practices and values.
Native Hawaiian Household Composition in US 2025
| Household Type | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (%) | US Population (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Family Households | 77.2% | 66.1% |
| Married-Couple Families | 49.8% | 48.3% |
| Female Householder, No Spouse | 18.7% | 12.6% |
| Male Householder, No Spouse | 8.7% | 5.2% |
| Non-Family Households | 22.8% | 33.9% |
| Average Household Size | 3.84 | 2.53 |
| Households with Children Under 18 | 44.5% | 29.4% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates
Household composition patterns among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander families in 2025 demonstrate strong family orientation and larger household sizes compared to national averages. An impressive 77.2% of households are family households versus 66.1% nationally, reflecting cultural values emphasizing extended family connections, multigenerational living arrangements, and collective family responsibility. Married-couple families comprise 49.8% of households, slightly exceeding the national 48.3% rate. However, 18.7% of households are headed by female householders with no spouse present, significantly above the 12.6% national rate, while 8.7% have male householders without spouses versus 5.2% nationally.
The elevated rates of single-parent households reflect multiple factors including higher divorce rates, economic pressures forcing family separation for employment opportunities, incarceration impacts disproportionately affecting Pacific Islander men, and premature mortality among working-age adults. Non-family households represent just 22.8% of the total versus 33.9% nationally, indicating Native Hawaiians are far less likely to live alone or in non-family arrangements. The average household size of 3.84 persons substantially exceeds the national average of 2.53, ranking among the largest in America. This reflects both higher fertility rates and multigenerational living patterns where grandparents, parents, and children share households. An extraordinary 44.5% of households include children under 18, compared to just 29.4% nationally—a 15.1 percentage point difference emphasizing the child-centered nature of Native Hawaiian families. These larger households with more children create both strengths and challenges. Family support networks provide childcare, elder care, and economic mutual assistance, while cultural transmission occurs naturally across generations. However, larger families also face housing challenges, require higher incomes to maintain stability, and experience overcrowding particularly in high-cost Hawaii where 3+ bedroom units are scarce and expensive. The high proportion of female-headed households correlates with elevated poverty rates, as single mothers typically have lower earnings and face childcare barriers to full-time employment. Supporting Native Hawaiian families requires policies addressing affordable family-sized housing, living wages enabling single earners to support larger households, accessible childcare, and programs honoring rather than penalizing multigenerational living arrangements.
Native Hawaiian Military Veterans in US 2025
| Veteran Status | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Numbers | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Total Veterans | 27,469 | 4.7% of NHPI population 18+ |
| Veterans Age 18-34 | 2,197 | 8.0% |
| Veterans Age 35-54 | 7,341 | 26.7% |
| Veterans Age 55-64 | 6,021 | 21.9% |
| Veterans Age 65+ | 11,910 | 43.4% |
| Female Veterans | 3,569 | 13.0% of veterans |
| Veterans in Poverty | 1,648 | 6.0% |
Data Source: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 2024, U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander military service represents a proud tradition spanning American military conflicts from the War of 1812 through current operations, with 27,469 veterans in 2025 comprising 4.7% of the adult NHPI population—a rate significantly exceeding the national veteran rate of 3.8%. This overrepresentation in military service stems from multiple factors including limited economic opportunities in Hawaii and Pacific territories, family traditions of military service spanning multiple generations, cultural values emphasizing honor and communal protection, recruitment targeting in high schools with large Pacific Islander populations, and citizenship pathways for migrants from US territories. Age distribution shows 43.4% of veterans are 65 and older, 21.9% are aged 55-64, 26.7% are 35-54, and 8.0% are 18-34, reflecting both Vietnam War-era service concentrations and continued recent enlistment.
Female veterans comprise 13.0% of the total, slightly below the national 14.2% rate but growing as military opportunities expand. The 6.0% veteran poverty rate, while better than the 8.2% overall NHPI poverty rate, still indicates 1,648 Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander veterans struggle economically despite their service. Native Hawaiian service members have received 33 Medals of Honor throughout American military history, including 2 Native Hawaiian recipients during the Korean War—Private First Class Anthony Kaho’ohanohano and Private First Class Herbert Pililaau. The military provides crucial benefits including VA healthcare, education through the GI Bill, home loan programs like the Native American Direct Loan (NADL) program serving over 550 Native Hawaiian veterans with low-interest mortgages on Hawaiian Home Lands, and disability compensation. However, Native Hawaiian veterans face unique challenges including geographic isolation from VA facilities on outer islands, cultural barriers in mainstream VA healthcare, higher rates of PTSD documented in Vietnam veterans studies, and complex eligibility issues for Pacific Islander migrants. The 2024 Parity for Native Hawaiian Veterans Act aims to eliminate copays and enable Native Hawaiian Health Care Systems to receive VA reimbursement, mirroring benefits already available to American Indian and Alaska Native veterans. Supporting Native Hawaiian veterans requires continued advocacy for healthcare access, culturally appropriate services, peer support networks, and recognition of their disproportionate sacrifice in defending America.
Native Hawaiian Employment by Industry in US 2025
| Industry Sector | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (%) | US Population (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Educational Services, Healthcare, Social Assistance | 22.3% | 23.6% |
| Retail Trade | 11.8% | 10.9% |
| Construction | 9.7% | 6.8% |
| Accommodation and Food Services | 13.4% | 8.5% |
| Public Administration | 7.2% | 5.1% |
| Transportation and Warehousing | 7.8% | 5.3% |
| Professional, Scientific, Management | 8.9% | 12.8% |
| Manufacturing | 6.4% | 10.3% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2024
Employment patterns for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander workers in 2025 reveal concentrated representation in specific industry sectors with both opportunities and limitations. The largest sector, Educational Services, Healthcare, and Social Assistance, employs 22.3% of NHPI workers, slightly below the national 23.6%. Within this broad category, Native Hawaiians are overrepresented in healthcare support occupations like certified nursing assistants and home health aides but underrepresented in higher-paying physician and dentist positions. Accommodation and Food Services employs 13.4% of NHPI workers versus 8.5% nationally—a 4.9 percentage point overrepresentation reflecting Hawaii’s tourism-dominant economy where hotels, restaurants, and hospitality businesses provide substantial employment but often at lower wages with irregular schedules.
Retail Trade employs 11.8% compared to 10.9% nationally, while Construction shows notable concentration at 9.7% versus 6.8% nationally. The 3 percentage point construction overrepresentation reflects both Hawaii’s continuous building activity and cultural traditions around physical labor and skilled trades. Public Administration at 7.2% versus 5.1% nationally reflects military service transitions, federal employment in Hawaii and territories, and state/local government positions. Transportation and Warehousing employs 7.8% versus 5.3% nationally, including airport operations, shipping, and logistics critical to island economies. Concerning underrepresentation appears in Professional, Scientific, and Management occupations employing just 8.9% of NHPI workers versus 12.8% nationally—a gap reflecting educational attainment disparities limiting access to higher-wage professional careers. Manufacturing similarly shows underemployment at 6.4% versus 10.3% nationally, partly due to Hawaii’s limited manufacturing base. These industry patterns create economic vulnerability, as Native Hawaiians concentrate in sectors offering lower median wages, fewer benefits, and greater employment volatility. The 13.4% in hospitality particularly concerns given tourism’s vulnerability to economic downturns, pandemics, and seasonal fluctuations. Improving economic outcomes requires diversifying employment through workforce development in higher-paying sectors, supporting NHPI entrepreneurship, expanding professional education pathways, and ensuring tourism and service sector jobs provide living wages and benefits. The relatively strong public sector and construction representation provides stability for some families, but broader diversification remains essential for community economic security.
Native Hawaiian Poverty Rates by Age Group in US 2025
| Age Group | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Poverty Rate (%) | US Poverty Rate (%) |
|---|---|---|
| All Ages | 15.3% | 11.5% |
| Under 18 Years | 19.7% | 15.3% |
| 18 to 64 Years | 13.8% | 10.4% |
| 65 Years and Over | 9.8% | 10.2% |
| Children in Poverty (Number) | 30,589 | N/A |
| Working-Age Adults in Poverty (Number) | 48,372 | N/A |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates
Poverty affects Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities disproportionately across all age groups in 2025, with an overall poverty rate of 15.3% substantially exceeding the national 11.5% rate. Children under 18 experience the highest vulnerability at 19.7% versus 15.3% nationally, meaning approximately 30,589 Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander children live below the federal poverty line. This 4.4 percentage point gap reflects family economic struggles, higher unemployment, lower educational attainment among parents, and larger family sizes stretching limited resources. Child poverty carries devastating consequences including food insecurity, housing instability, educational achievement gaps, health disparities, and adverse childhood experiences affecting lifetime outcomes.
Working-age adults aged 18 to 64 show a 13.8% poverty rate versus 10.4% nationally, representing approximately 48,372 individuals. This group faces employment barriers including discrimination, limited educational credentials, geographic isolation in high-cost areas, and occupational concentration in lower-wage sectors. Surprisingly, seniors aged 65 and over show a lower poverty rate at 9.8% compared to the national 10.2%, making them the only age cohort where Native Hawaiians perform better than average. This reflects Social Security and pension income providing basic security, though the small number of NHPI seniors due to lower life expectancy limits this group’s size. The high child poverty rate particularly concerns policymakers and advocates, as childhood economic hardship perpetuates intergenerational cycles. Contributing factors include insufficient minimum wages failing to support families in high-cost Hawaii, lack of affordable childcare limiting parental employment, housing costs consuming excessive income shares, and benefit program limitations. Approximately 44.5% of NHPI households contain children, so child poverty impacts nearly half of all families. Addressing these disparities requires comprehensive approaches including living wage policies, expanded Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit benefits, affordable childcare and universal pre-K programs, housing assistance, and culturally appropriate family support services. The relative economic security of NHPI seniors demonstrates social insurance programs work when adequately funded, suggesting similar guaranteed support for children through child allowances could substantially reduce childhood poverty. Breaking the poverty cycle requires both immediate relief for struggling families and long-term investments in education, workforce development, and economic opportunity expansion enabling Native Hawaiian families to achieve sustainable middle-class stability.
Native Hawaiian Housing Characteristics in US 2025
| Housing Indicator | Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | US Population |
|---|---|---|
| Homeownership Rate | 53.7% | 65.8% |
| Median Home Value | $522,800 | $344,000 |
| Median Gross Rent (Monthly) | $1,847 | $1,372 |
| Housing Cost Burden (30%+ of income) | 47.3% | 38.4% |
| Overcrowded Housing (1+ person per room) | 8.9% | 3.5% |
| Households Receiving Housing Assistance | 12.4% | 8.7% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 Estimates
Housing conditions represent one of the most critical challenges facing Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander families in 2025, with disparities across multiple indicators revealing systemic barriers to housing security. The homeownership rate of 53.7% falls 12.1 percentage points below the national 65.8% rate, indicating Native Hawaiians are substantially less likely to achieve the wealth-building and stability benefits of homeownership. This gap stems from multiple factors including lower median incomes, limited generational wealth for down payments, discrimination in lending, high home prices particularly in Hawaii where the median approaches $730,000, and Hawaiian Home Lands administrative challenges delaying homestead awards despite 28,000+ individuals on waiting lists.
The median home value of $522,800 for NHPI-owned homes exceeds the national $344,000 by $178,800, primarily reflecting geographic concentration in expensive Hawaii and West Coast markets. Similarly, median gross rent of $1,847 monthly surpasses the national $1,372 by $475, creating severe affordability pressures. An alarming 47.3% of households face housing cost burden, spending 30% or more of income on housing versus 38.4% nationally. This 8.9 percentage point difference leaves many families unable to afford other necessities after housing costs. Overcrowding affects 8.9% of NHPI households versus 3.5% nationally, with 1 or more persons per room—a rate 2.5 times higher than average. Overcrowding results from multiple factors including high housing costs forcing families to double up, cultural preferences for multigenerational living, and large family sizes requiring more space than available. Despite higher need, only 12.4% receive housing assistance versus 8.7% nationally, though this higher rate still leaves most struggling families without support given long waiting lists for Section 8 vouchers and public housing. Housing challenges particularly impact Hawaii where Native Hawaiians comprise 24.3% of the state population but face median home prices exceeding $730,000 and median rents over $2,000 monthly in urban areas. Many families stretch budgets impossibly thin, live in substandard conditions, experience homelessness, or relocate to the mainland seeking affordability—a migration that disconnects them from ancestral lands and cultural community. Addressing the housing crisis requires substantial investments in affordable housing construction, stronger tenant protections, down payment assistance programs, accelerated Hawaiian Home Lands awards, rent control or stabilization policies, and programs enabling Native Hawaiian families to remain in or return to Hawaii. The Native American Direct Loan (NADL) program offers 2.5% interest mortgages for eligible veterans building on Hawaiian Home Lands, serving 550+ families, but only 28,000 of 330,000 eligible Native Hawaiians have received homesteads despite the 1920 Hawaiian Homes Commission Act mandate. Expediting these awards while building affordable rental and ownership units could substantially improve housing security for this community.
Future Outlook
The Native Hawaiian population stands at a demographic crossroads as 2025 unfolds, with trends pointing toward continued growth but also significant challenges requiring attention. Population projections suggest the community will exceed 750,000 by 2030, maintaining its position as the largest indigenous Pacific Islander group in the United States. However, the geographic dispersal trend that saw the continental Native Hawaiian population surpass Hawaii’s will likely continue, driven by housing costs exceeding $730,000 median home prices in Hawaii, limited employment opportunities beyond tourism, and educational institution access on the mainland. This diaspora creates tension between economic necessity and cultural preservation, as distance from ancestral lands challenges traditional knowledge transmission, language maintenance, and community cohesion.
Technology offers partial solutions through virtual connection to cultural programming, online Hawaiian language classes, and social media community building, but cannot fully replace the immersive experience of living within a Native Hawaiian-majority environment. Addressing persistent disparities in education, health, and economic security will require sustained policy attention including increased investment in Native Hawaiian educational programs and scholarships, expansion of culturally competent healthcare services, economic development initiatives supporting Native Hawaiian entrepreneurship and land stewardship, and stronger data collection enabling evidence-based intervention development. The community’s resilience, demonstrated through population recovery from near-extinction in the late 1800s to robust growth today, provides optimism. With adequate support and resources respecting Native Hawaiian self-determination, this indigenous population can continue thriving while maintaining the cultural traditions, language, and values that define their unique identity within America’s multicultural landscape. The next decade will prove critical in determining whether growth translates into empowerment or merely represents geographic dispersion without the institutional support necessary for genuine community flourishing.
Disclaimer: The data research report we present here is based on information found from various sources. We are not liable for any financial loss, errors, or damages of any kind that may result from the use of the information herein. We acknowledge that though we try to report accurately, we cannot verify the absolute facts of everything that has been represented.
